Biochemical markers and their significance in the progression of prostate cancer; A literature review

Abstract

Relevance: Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common malignancies in men, and the search for new biomarkers involved in its course and progression is of key importance. The use of modern technologies opens up prospects for early diagnosis, prognosis, and personalized treatment. This article presents a review of biochemical markers used in the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of PCa progression.

The study aimed to analyze recent advances in the study of biomarkers associated with the progression of PCa, as well as their role in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.

Materials and Methods: A systematic review of scientific publications from the last five years (2019–2024) was conducted. The following electronic databases were used: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The review included studies on molecular biomarkers, epigenetic research, proteomics, metabolomics, and liquid biopsy technologies.

Results: Biomarkers play a crucial role in understanding the mechanisms of PCa progression, its diagnosis, and treatment strategy selection. Current research focuses on identifying molecular markers that can improve the specificity and sensitivity of diagnosis, as well as predict tumor aggressiveness. In recent years, particular attention has been paid to genetic, epigenetic, proteomic, and metabolic alterations associated with the development of PCa. Diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarkers of progression are thoroughly examined.

Conclusion: The analysis confirms the key role of biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of PCa. Genetic mutations, epigenetic modifications, as well as proteomic and metabolic changes demonstrate a strong correlation with tumor aggressiveness, opening new opportunities for a personalized approach to treatment. Modern methods, such as liquid biopsy, improve the accuracy of diagnosis and disease monitoring while minimizing invasiveness. However, despite significant progress in diagnostic methods and continuous technological advancements, several challenges remain unresolved. Further in-depth study of biomarkers, both in global medical practice and in specific clinical cases, will significantly enhance diagnostic methods, facilitate specialist work, and improve patients’ quality of life.