Modern methods of malignant skin melanoma early detection: a literature review

Abstract

Relevance: Skin melanoma is the most dangerous malignant neoplasm of the skin; it ranks ninth in the structure of oncological diseases worldwide. Despite the simplicity of preventive measures and the fact that melanoma is one of the most visually detectable tumors, its incidence continues to rise globally each year. As a result, enhancing early detection and prevention strategies remains a critical public health priority. Dermatoscopy remains the gold standard for early diagnosis, serving as the foundation for all modern diagnostic equipment. Additionally, specialized genetic testing methods are available in high-incidence regions to identify cases of ‘familial melanoma.’

The study aimed to describe the capacity of modern early skin melanoma detection methods.

Methods: We used specialized scientific search engines such as Scopus and PubMed to examine current methods for early melanoma skin cancer detection described in publications from 2014 to 2024.

Results: Dermatoscopy and confocal microscopy remain the first choices for specialized physicians due to their simplicity and accessibility. Although Nevisense electrical impedance spectroscopy has a high diagnostic value, it is inaccessible to patients and physicians. AI-based mobile dermatoscopic applications are promising because they are accessible to both parties. CDKN2A genetic testing is used in regions with a high population incidence of melanoma to detect familial malignant melanoma syndrome.

Conclusion: Further technological progress shall promote modern methods of diagnosing skin melanoma based on efficiency, cost-effectiveness, simplicity, and accessibility.